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UEMOA · Benin · Burkina Faso · Mali · Niger · Togo · Guinea-Bissau

Your stock is in another country, under a duty nobody has paid yet

Goods clear at Cotonou, Lomé, Abidjan or Dakar and then travel for days under a transit regime that suspends duty rather than settling it. For that fortnight you own inventory you cannot see, in a jurisdiction you do not operate in, carrying an obligation that only ends when somebody proves the journey finished. We cannot make any of that faster. We can make it visible, costed and evidenced — and the statutory accounts stay with your expert-comptable, where they belong.

The subject
Stock you own and cannot see: where it is, what it has cost so far, and whether the transit that suspended the duty has been discharged.
The limit
We cannot make a border faster and no software can. No customs connection, no declarations, no influence over clearance, no reduction in duty. What changes is what you know while you wait.
Statutory accounts
SYSCOHADA presentation, statements and filing stay with your expert-comptable. We hold the detail they are built from.
Interface language
English only today, and we raise it in the first conversation rather than the fifth. If that is decisive, it is decisive.

The fortnight nobody models

Five stages, and what you are carrying at each one

A consignment moving inland under inter-state transit is not a delivery with a delay in the middle. It is a sequence of custodies, each with its own paperwork, its own cost accruals and its own way of going wrong — and the duty is suspended across the whole of it rather than paid at the start.

01 Cleared for transit at the port

What you are carrying

Duty and VAT are suspended against a guarantee rather than paid. The goods are yours and the obligation is contingent — it becomes real if the transit is never discharged.

The record that would show it

The transit declaration, the guarantee reference, and the port charges already incurred. Usually three documents held by three parties, none of them you.

02 In the port, waiting to move

What you are carrying

Storage and demurrage accrue daily on goods that have not moved. This is the cost that most reliably escapes the landed cost of the consignment, because it arrives as an invoice weeks later with no reference to the shipment.

The record that would show it

A daily charge attributable to one consignment. Almost always reconciled against a statement rather than against the stock it belongs to.

03 On the road, in another country

What you are carrying

You own stock at a location you do not control, in a country where you have no entity. It belongs on your balance sheet and is in nobody's stock count.

The record that would show it

Where it is, what is on it and what it has cost so far. Typically a WhatsApp message from a transporter and a number in somebody's head.

04 At the border

What you are carrying

Formalities, escort and crossing charges, and time. Which framework the movement falls under determines the paperwork — and since January 2025 that is no longer the same answer for every neighbour.

The record that would show it

Each charge, against the consignment that incurred it, with the receipt attached. This is the stage where documentation is most often paid for in cash and least often filed.

05 Arrived and discharged

What you are carrying

Nothing — once discharge is proved. Until it is, the suspended duty is still an open obligation and the guarantee is still committed, whatever the warehouse says.

The record that would show it

Proof the transit was discharged, held against the consignment rather than in a customs agent's file. This is the one document that closes the exposure and the one most often absent.

None of this is unusual and none of it is anybody's mistake. It is what importing into a landlocked market involves. The point is narrower: every line above is a record, and the reason the fortnight is painful is that the records live in five places and the stock lives in none of them.

Five questions worth asking internally before you ask any vendor anything

01

What is the total value of stock you currently own that is not in any of your locations?

02

For the last consignment that arrived, what did it cost landed — including demurrage and border charges — and how long after arrival did you know?

03

Can you produce proof of discharge for every transit closed in the last twelve months, without asking your clearing agent?

04

When a border charge is paid in cash, where does the receipt go, and is it attached to anything?

05

If your clearing agent stopped answering the phone tomorrow, which consignments would you be unable to account for?

What this costs today

Four problems, and none of them are border problems

Every one of these is downstream of the corridor rather than caused by it. The delay is not ours to fix and not yours to have caused — what follows from it is a record-keeping arrangement that works until somebody needs a number.

Inventory you own and cannot count

Stock in transit is on your balance sheet and in nobody's stock take. Most systems model a location you operate; a consignment sitting in a foreign port for eleven days is neither at origin nor at destination, so it gets modelled as a purchase order that has not arrived — which is a document, not an asset.

Landed cost that lands three weeks after the goods

Freight was quoted, so freight is in the cost. Demurrage, escort charges, border formalities and the second transporter were not quoted, arrive later as separate invoices, and get posted to expense accounts. The consignment is then costed at less than it cost, which quietly prices every sale made from it.

A duty that is open and does not look like it

Once goods are in the warehouse the operation treats the shipment as finished. But suspended duty stays suspended until discharge is proved, and the guarantee stays committed. Nothing in the warehouse tells you which transits are still technically open, and the answer usually lives with the clearing agent.

A chart of accounts you did not design, and must post to anyway

SYSCOHADA fixes the account classes. A system that expects you to invent your own numbering produces statements an OHADA auditor cannot read, and remapping after go-live means restating everything already posted. This is the constraint most foreign software discovers late.

One union, six administrations

Six markets, one union, and the parts that are not shared

What the union genuinely gives you is a single currency, a prescribed chart of accounts and a customs union. What it does not give you is one tax rate, one invoicing obligation or one route to the sea. A system that treats the bloc as one country gets the second half wrong.

The six markets this page is written for
Market VAT How goods arrive
Benin 18% Its own port at Cotonou — and a corridor host for cargo moving north.
Togo 18% Its own port at Lomé, the region's deepest, likewise serving neighbours inland.
Burkina Faso 18% Landlocked. Goods arrive through Abidjan, Lomé, Cotonou, Tema or Dakar.
Mali 18% Landlocked. Chiefly Dakar and Abidjan, with the Lomé and Cotonou corridors also in use.
Niger 19% Landlocked, and the longest hauls in the union. Cotonou, Lomé and Tema.
Guinea-Bissau 19% Its own coast, and the newest VAT in the union — IVA replaced the old sales tax in January 2025.

The same in all eight

  • The XOF, pegged to the euro at a fixed rate — which removes FX risk against Europe and leaves it entirely intact against the dollar and the yuan you actually buy in.
  • SYSCOHADA. The chart of accounts is prescribed by OHADA law with fixed account classes, not a template you adapt.
  • A customs union, so an intra-union movement is a different thing from an import.
  • A VAT directive that sets the band the rates sit in.

Different in every one

The rate inside that band. Four of these six are at 18%, two at 19%.
The invoicing obligation. Benin has required normalised invoices through a certified machine or the e-MECeF platform since July 2021, with the tax authority validating each one before it is valid. That is Benin's rule, not the union's.
The tax authority, its portal, its filing calendar and its language of correspondence.
Which trade framework a movement falls under. Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger withdrew from ECOWAS on 29 January 2025 and remain members of UEMOA and the CFA franc — so the monetary and accounting union still holds while the wider trade bloc no longer does.

That last line is the one worth reading twice. The union your accountant deals with and the bloc your trucks deal with are no longer the same set of countries — which makes "under which framework did this consignment move, and what proves it" a question with a filing consequence rather than a geography quiz.

The operation, in detail

What you would actually be buying

Each links to a fuller tour. Nothing here talks to a customs administration, files anything with anybody, or produces a statutory account — the boundary is drawn in full below.

Stock at a location you do not own

Goods in transit modelled as stock rather than as a pending document: quantity, value and where it physically is, visible in the same place as everything on a shelf, so the balance sheet and the stock report agree while the consignment is still on a road.

Landed cost that stays open until the last invoice

Freight, duty, demurrage, escort and handling accumulated onto the consignment as each cost arrives, however late, so the unit cost is what the goods actually cost rather than what the freight quote said.

Documents held against the consignment

The transit declaration, the guarantee reference, each border receipt and the proof of discharge attached to the shipment they belong to and previewable without downloading — rather than filed by whoever received them.

Original currency retained, not converted away

A supplier invoiced in USD or EUR keeps its original amount and the rate actually applied, alongside the XOF figures. The peg removes euro exposure and does nothing about the rest, so the rate that was used has to survive on the record.

Approvals recorded against what they authorised

An order, a payment to a transporter or a charge at a border, held with the authority that permitted it — and recorded before the commitment rather than papered afterwards.

Cost attributed to a country and a cost centre

Expenditure coded to entity, site and jurisdiction at entry, so a total for one country over one period is a filter rather than an extraction somebody performs from a regional ledger.

Scope, stated plainly

What we do not do, starting with the one a vendor would be tempted to imply

Two of the three things you need in these markets are better bought locally, and one of them should be bought before us. The list below is in the order that matters rather than the order that flatters.

What this does and does not do

Built, and what we would stand behind

  • Stock in transit as stock, with value and location, at a place you do not own — so goods on a road are on the stock report and the balance sheet at the same time.
  • Landed cost that stays open, accumulating freight, duty, demurrage, escort, border and handling charges onto the consignment as each invoice arrives rather than at the point of order.
  • Documents against transactions, so the transit declaration, the guarantee reference, the border receipts and the proof of discharge are retrievable by consignment rather than by whoever filed them.
  • Genuine multi-currency, with the original amount and the applied rate retained on the transaction alongside XOF — not one reporting currency with conversions bolted on.
  • Approvals recorded against what they authorised, held on the commitment, which is the one thing a later reconstruction genuinely cannot produce: sequence.
  • Cost attributed to a country, site and cost centre at entry, so a per-country total for any period is a filter.
  • Multi-site stock across borders, including goods handled without being owned and stock held at a third party.

Not built, and not on the roadmap

  • We cannot make a border faster, and no software can. This needs saying plainly because it is the claim a vendor is most tempted to imply. We hold no connection to any customs administration, we do not lodge declarations, we do not influence clearance, we do not reduce duty and we do not shorten a convoy. What changes is what you know while you wait, and what you can prove afterwards.
  • Not a certified invoicing provider in Benin. Normalised invoices through a certified machine or the e-MECeF platform have been obligatory since July 2021 and the tax authority validates each one before it is valid. That is an accreditation, not an integration. If you trade in Benin, buy it from someone who holds it and evaluate us afterwards.
  • No SYSCOHADA statutory accounts, and no filing anywhere. We post to a chart your accountant defines and hold the detail statements are built from. The statements, the returns and the OHADA presentation stay with your expert-comptable, who is better at it and cheaper than displacing them.
  • No payroll in any of these six countries. No calculation, no social contributions, no returns. Our maintained payroll engine covers Kenya only. Labour cost is attributed to sites and projects; the calculation and the filing are local.
  • No customs brokerage, no transit declarations, no guarantee management. Your clearing agent does this. We record what they did and what it cost, which is a different job.
  • The interface is English. We raise this in the first conversation rather than the fifth. A finance team that files in French is entitled to weigh that heavily, and a machine-translated ledger would be worse than an honest English one. If it is decisive, it is decisive, and we would rather you knew in week one.

The pattern across these six markets is that two of the three things you need are better bought locally. That is not modesty — a customer who adopts a platform and then discovers their invoicing route or their statutory presentation does not fit has been badly advised, and remembers who advised them.

How this starts

Three moves, and the first two need nothing from us

01

Count what you own and cannot see

One number: the value of stock currently in transit, anywhere between a port and a warehouse. Not an estimate from purchase orders — the actual figure, with the consignments listed. If that number arrives in an afternoon you are in better shape than most. If it takes a week and three phone calls, you have found the thing this page is about, and you have found it without buying anything.

02

Close one consignment properly, end to end

Take the last shipment that arrived. Assemble every cost against it — freight, port, demurrage, transit, border, transport, handling — and every document, including proof of discharge. Compare the total to the cost the goods were booked at. The gap is what a fortnight in transit costs you invisibly, per consignment, and it is the whole business case.

03

Then decide what to buy, and in what order

If you trade in Benin, settle normalised invoicing first with a provider certified for it — that sits in your revenue path and we are not certified. Keep your expert-comptable and your payroll firm. What is left is the operations layer, and that is the only part we are asking you to consider.

Questions we are asked here

Answered in full, including the two where the answer is no

Can you speed up clearance or reduce what we pay at the border?

No, and be careful with anyone who suggests otherwise. We hold no connection to any customs administration in the union, we lodge nothing, and we have no influence over how long a consignment waits or what it costs to move. What we change is that you know where it is, what it has accumulated in cost, and whether the transit has been discharged — which affects your decisions and your records, not the border.

Do you produce SYSCOHADA statutory accounts?

No. The chart of accounts is prescribed by OHADA law and your expert-comptable owns the presentation, the statements and the filing. What we hold is the transaction detail those statements are built from, coded to accounts your accountant defines, so the year-end is an extraction rather than an archaeology exercise. Any vendor claiming to replace an expert-comptable in an OHADA jurisdiction should be asked which auditor has accepted their output.

Is the interface available in French?

Not today, and we would rather say so on the page than in the fifth meeting. The product is English-only. For a finance team that files in French this is a real cost and may reasonably end the conversation. We do not offer a machine-translated interface, because half-translated account labels are worse than an honest English one, and we are not going to promise a localisation date we cannot commit to.

We trade in Benin. Does the normalised invoice work?

Not through us. Since July 2021 invoices in Benin must be issued through a certified electronic invoicing machine or the e-MECeF platform, with the tax authority validating each one and returning a unique number and QR code before the invoice is valid. That requires an accreditation we do not hold. Buy that from a certified provider first, fit everything else around it, and if that sequencing means you never get to us the advice was still right.

Does it handle CFA francs, and the fact that we buy in dollars?

Yes, and the second half is the part that matters. The XOF is pegged to the euro at a fixed rate, so a supplier invoicing in euros carries no real exposure. A supplier invoicing in dollars or yuan does, and the peg covers none of it. The original amount and the rate actually applied stay on the transaction alongside the XOF figures, so a margin can be explained months later rather than recalculated.

Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger left ECOWAS. Does that change what we can use?

Not for accounting or currency. The three withdrew from ECOWAS on 29 January 2025 and remain members of UEMOA and the CFA franc, so the XOF, SYSCOHADA and the union's VAT framework are unaffected. What it does change is that "which framework did this movement fall under" is now a real question with a documentary answer, and the sensible response is to record it per consignment rather than to assume it. We have no view on the politics and no forecast to offer — we are describing why the paperwork matters more than it did.

We are a distributor in Ouagadougou with one warehouse. Is this too much system?

Possibly, and it depends on one thing rather than on your size. If your goods arrive by corridor and you cannot say what a consignment cost landed until the last invoice turns up, the answer is no — that problem does not get smaller with fewer warehouses, it just gets carried by one person instead of a team. If your imports are occasional and you know your landed cost on arrival, then a good accountant and a spreadsheet are genuinely sufficient and we would rather you kept them.

Start with the number nobody has

The value of stock you currently own that is not in any of your locations, with the consignments listed. It takes an afternoon or it takes a week, and which one it takes is the answer to whether this conversation is urgent.